Java - Inheritance

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Java Inheritance

In Java programming, the inheritance is an important of concept of Java OOPs. Inheritance is a process where one class acquires the properties (methods and attributes) of another. With the use of inheritance, the information is made manageable in a hierarchical order.

The class which inherits the properties of other is known as subclass (derived class, child class) and the class whose properties are inherited is known as superclass (base class, parent class).

Need of Java Inheritance

• Code Reusability: The basic need of an inheritance is to reuse the features. If you have defined some functionality once, by using the inheritance you can easily use them in other classes and packages.
• Extensibility: The inheritance helps to extend the functionalities of a class. If you have a base class with some functionalities, you can extend them by using the inheritance in the derived class.
• Implantation of Method Overriding: Inheritance is required to achieve one of the concepts of Polymorphism which is Method overriding.
• Achieving Abstraction: Another concept of OOPs that is abstraction also needs inheritance.

Implementation of Java Inheritance

To implement (use) inheritance in Java, the extends keyword is used. It inherits the properties (attributes or/and methods) of the base class to the derived class. The word "extends" means to extend functionalities i.e., the extensibility of the features.

Syntax to implement inheritance

Consider the below syntax to implement (use) inheritance in Java:

class Super {
   .....
   .....
}
class Sub extends Super {
   .....
   .....
}

Java Inheritance Example

Following is an example demonstrating Java inheritance. In this example, you can observe two classes namely Calculation and My_Calculation.

Using extends keyword, the My_Calculation inherits the methods addition() and Subtraction() of Calculation class.

Copy and paste the following program in a file with name My_Calculation.java

Java Program to Implement Inheritance

class Calculation {
   int z;
	
   public void addition(int x, int y) {
      z = x + y;
      System.out.println("The sum of the given numbers:"+z);
   }
	
   public void Subtraction(int x, int y) {
      z = x - y;
      System.out.println("The difference between the given numbers:"+z);
   }
}

public class My_Calculation extends Calculation {
   public void multiplication(int x, int y) {
      z = x * y;
      System.out.println("The product of the given numbers:"+z);
   }
	
   public static void main(String args[]) {
      int a = 20, b = 10;
      My_Calculation demo = new My_Calculation();
      demo.addition(a, b);
      demo.Subtraction(a, b);
      demo.multiplication(a, b);
   }
}

Compile and execute the above code as shown below.

javac My_Calculation.java
java My_Calculation

After executing the program, it will produce the following result −

Output

The sum of the given numbers:30
The difference between the given numbers:10
The product of the given numbers:200

In the given program, when an object to My_Calculation class is created, a copy of the contents of the superclass is made within it. That is why, using the object of the subclass you can access the members of a superclass.

The Superclass reference variable can hold the subclass object, but using that variable you can access only the members of the superclass, so to access the members of both classes it is recommended to always create reference variable to the subclass.

If you consider the above program, you can instantiate the class as given below. But using the superclass reference variable ( cal in this case) you cannot call the method multiplication(), which belongs to the subclass My_Calculation.

Calculation demo = new My_Calculation();
demo.addition(a, b);
demo.Subtraction(a, b);

Note − A subclass inherits all the members (fields, methods, and nested classes) from its superclass. Constructors are not members, so they are not inherited by subclasses, but the constructor of the superclass can be invoked from the subclass.

Java Inheritance: The super Keyword

The super keyword is similar to this keyword. Following are the scenarios where the super keyword is used.

• It is used to differentiate the members of superclass from the members of subclass, if they have same names.

• It is used to invoke the superclass constructor from subclass.

Differentiating the Members

If a class is inheriting the properties of another class. And if the members of the superclass have the names same as the sub class, to differentiate these variables we use super keyword as shown below.

super.variable
super.method();

Sample Code

This section provides you a program that demonstrates the usage of the super keyword.

In the given program, you have two classes namely Sub_class and Super_class, both have a method named display() with different implementations, and a variable named num with different values. We are invoking display() method of both classes and printing the value of the variable num of both classes. Here you can observe that we have used super keyword to differentiate the members of superclass from subclass.

Copy and paste the program in a file with name Sub_class.java.

Example

class Super_class {
   int num = 20;

   // display method of superclass
   public void display() {
      System.out.println("This is the display method of superclass");
   }
}

public class Sub_class extends Super_class {
   int num = 10;

   // display method of sub class
   public void display() {
      System.out.println("This is the display method of subclass");
   }

   public void my_method() {
      // Instantiating subclass
      Sub_class sub = new Sub_class();

      // Invoking the display() method of sub class
      sub.display();

      // Invoking the display() method of superclass
      super.display();

      // printing the value of variable num of subclass
      System.out.println("value of the variable named num in sub class:"+ sub.num);

      // printing the value of variable num of superclass
      System.out.println("value of the variable named num in super class:"+ super.num);
   }

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      Sub_class obj = new Sub_class();
      obj.my_method();
   }
}

Compile and execute the above code using the following syntax.

javac Super_Demo
java Super

On executing the program, you will get the following result −

Output

This is the display method of subclass
This is the display method of superclass
value of the variable named num in sub class:10
value of the variable named num in super class:20

Invoking Superclass Constructor

If a class is inheriting the properties of another class, the subclass automatically acquires the default constructor of the superclass. But if you want to call a parameterized constructor of the superclass, you need to use the super keyword as shown below.

super(values);

Sample Code

The program given in this section demonstrates how to use the super keyword to invoke the parametrized constructor of the superclass. This program contains a superclass and a subclass, where the superclass contains a parameterized constructor which accepts a integer value, and we used the super keyword to invoke the parameterized constructor of the superclass.

Copy and paste the following program in a file with the name Subclass.java

Example

class Superclass {
   int age;

   Superclass(int age) {
      this.age = age; 		 
   }

   public void getAge() {
      System.out.println("The value of the variable named age in super class is: " +age);
   }
}

public class Subclass extends Superclass {
   Subclass(int age) {
      super(age);
   }

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      Subclass s = new Subclass(24);
      s.getAge();
   }
}

Compile and execute the above code using the following syntax.

javac Subclass
java Subclass

Output

The value of the variable named age in super class is: 24

IS-A Relationship

IS-A is a way of saying: This object is a type of that object. Let us see how the extends keyword is used to achieve inheritance.

public class Animal {
}

public class Mammal extends Animal {
}

public class Reptile extends Animal {
}

public class Dog extends Mammal {
}

Now, based on the above example, in Object-Oriented terms, the following are true −

• Animal is the superclass of Mammal class.
• Animal is the superclass of Reptile class.
• Mammal and Reptile are subclasses of Animal class.
• Dog is the subclass of both Mammal and Animal classes.

Now, if we consider the IS-A relationship, we can say −

• Mammal IS-A Animal
• Reptile IS-A Animal
• Dog IS-A Mammal
• Hence: Dog IS-A Animal as well

With the use of the extends keyword, the subclasses will be able to inherit all the properties of the superclass except for the private properties of the superclass.

We can assure that Mammal is actually an Animal with the use of the instance operator.

Example

class Animal {
}

class Mammal extends Animal {
}

class Reptile extends Animal {
}

public class Dog extends Mammal {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      Animal a = new Animal();
      Mammal m = new Mammal();
      Dog d = new Dog();

      System.out.println(m instanceof Animal);
      System.out.println(d instanceof Mammal);
      System.out.println(d instanceof Animal);
   }
}

Output

true
true
true

Since we have a good understanding of the extends keyword, let us look into how the implements keyword is used to get the IS-A relationship.

Generally, the implements keyword is used with classes to inherit the properties of an interface. Interfaces can never be extended by a class.

Example

public interface Animal {
}

public class Mammal implements Animal {
}

public class Dog extends Mammal {
}

Java Inheritance: The instanceof Keyword

Let us use the instanceof operator to check determine whether Mammal is actually an Animal, and dog is actually an Animal.

Example

interface Animal{}
class Mammal implements Animal{}

public class Dog extends Mammal {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      Mammal m = new Mammal();
      Dog d = new Dog();

      System.out.println(m instanceof Animal);
      System.out.println(d instanceof Mammal);
      System.out.println(d instanceof Animal);
   }
}

Output

true
true
true

HAS-A relationship

These relationships are mainly based on the usage. This determines whether a certain class HAS-A certain thing. This relationship helps to reduce duplication of code as well as bugs.

Lets look into an example −

Example

public class Vehicle{}
public class Speed{}

public class Van extends Vehicle {
   private Speed sp;
} 

This shows that class Van HAS-A Speed. By having a separate class for Speed, we do not have to put the entire code that belongs to speed inside the Van class, which makes it possible to reuse the Speed class in multiple applications.

In Object-Oriented feature, the users do not need to bother about which object is doing the real work. To achieve this, the Van class hides the implementation details from the users of the Van class. So, basically what happens is the users would ask the Van class to do a certain action and the Van class will either do the work by itself or ask another class to perform the action.

Types of Java Inheritance

In Java, there are mainly three types of inheritances Single, Multilevel, and Hierarchical. Java does not support Multiple and Hybrid inheritance.

A very important fact to remember is that Java does not support multiple and hybrid inheritances. This means that a class cannot extend more than one class. Therefore following is illegal −

1. Java Single Inheritance

The inheritance in which there is only one base class and one derived class is known as single inheritance. The single (or, single-level) inheritance inherits data from only one base class to only one derived class.

Example of Java Single Inheritance

class One {
  public void printOne() {
    System.out.println("printOne() method of One class.");
  }
}

public class Main extends One {
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    // Creating object of the derived class (Main)
    Main obj = new Main();

    // Calling method
    obj.printOne();
  }
}

Output

printOne() method of One class.

2. Java Multilevel Inheritance

The inheritance in which a base class is inherited to a derived class and that derived class is further inherited to another derived class is known as multi-level inheritance. Multilevel inheritance involves multiple base classes.

Example of Java Multilevel Inheritance

class One {
  public void printOne() {
    System.out.println("printOne() method of One class.");
  }
}

class Two extends One {
  public void printTwo() {
    System.out.println("printTwo() method of Two class.");
  }
}

public class Main extends Two {
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    // Creating object of the derived class (Main)
    Main obj = new Main();

    // Calling methods
    obj.printOne();
    obj.printTwo();
  }
}

Output

printOne() method of One class.
printTwo() method of Two class.

3. Java Hierarchical Inheritance

The inheritance in which only one base class and multiple derived classes is known as hierarchical inheritance.

Example of Java Hierarchical Inheritance

// Base class
class One {
  public void printOne() {
    System.out.println("printOne() Method of Class One");
  }
}

// Derived class 1
class Two extends One {
  public void printTwo() {
    System.out.println("Two() Method of Class Two");
  }
}

// Derived class 2
class Three extends One {
  public void printThree() {
    System.out.println("printThree() Method of Class Three");
  }
}

// Testing CLass
public class Main {
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    Two obj1 = new Two();
    Three obj2 = new Three();

    //All classes can access the method of class One
    obj1.printOne();
    obj2.printOne();
  }
}

Output

printOne() Method of Class One
printOne() Method of Class One

Example

public class extends Animal, Mammal{} 

However, a class can implement one or more interfaces, which has helped Java get rid of the impossibility of multiple inheritance.