- C Programming Tutorial
- C - Home
- Basics of C
- C - Overview
- C - Features
- C - History
- C - Environment Setup
- C - Program Structure
- C - Hello World
- C - Compilation Process
- C - Comments
- C - Tokens
- C - Keywords
- C - Identifiers
- C - User Input
- C - Basic Syntax
- C - Data Types
- C - Variables
- C - Integer Promotions
- C - Type Conversion
- C - Type Casting
- C - Booleans
- Constants and Literals in C
- C - Constants
- C - Literals
- C - Escape sequences
- C - Format Specifiers
- Operators in C
- C - Operators
- C - Arithmetic Operators
- C - Relational Operators
- C - Logical Operators
- C - Bitwise Operators
- C - Assignment Operators
- C - Unary Operators
- C - Increment and Decrement Operators
- C - Ternary Operator
- C - sizeof Operator
- C - Operator Precedence
- C - Misc Operators
- Decision Making in C
- C - Decision Making
- C - if statement
- C - if...else statement
- C - nested if statements
- C - switch statement
- C - nested switch statements
- Loops in C
- C - Loops
- C - While loop
- C - For loop
- C - Do...while loop
- C - Nested loop
- C - Infinite loop
- C - Break Statement
- C - Continue Statement
- C - goto Statement
- Functions in C
- C - Functions
- C - Main Function
- C - Function call by Value
- C - Function call by reference
- C - Nested Functions
- C - Variadic Functions
- C - User-Defined Functions
- C - Callback Function
- C - Return Statement
- C - Recursion
- Scope Rules in C
- C - Scope Rules
- C - Static Variables
- C - Global Variables
- Arrays in C
- C - Arrays
- C - Properties of Array
- C - Multi-Dimensional Arrays
- C - Passing Arrays to Function
- C - Return Array from Function
- C - Variable Length Arrays
- Pointers in C
- C - Pointers
- C - Pointers and Arrays
- C - Applications of Pointers
- C - Pointer Arithmetics
- C - Array of Pointers
- C - Pointer to Pointer
- C - Passing Pointers to Functions
- C - Return Pointer from Functions
- C - Function Pointers
- C - Pointer to an Array
- C - Pointers to Structures
- C - Chain of Pointers
- C - Pointer vs Array
- C - Character Pointers and Functions
- C - NULL Pointer
- C - void Pointer
- C - Dangling Pointers
- C - Dereference Pointer
- C - Near, Far and Huge Pointers
- C - Initialization of Pointer Arrays
- C - Pointers vs. Multi-dimensional Arrays
- Strings in C
- C - Strings
- C - Array of Strings
- C - Special Characters
- C Structures and Unions
- C - Structures
- C - Structures and Functions
- C - Arrays of Structures
- C - Self-Referential Structures
- C - Lookup Tables
- C - Dot (.) Operator
- C - Enumeration (or enum)
- C - Structure Padding and Packing
- C - Nested Structures
- C - Anonymous Structure and Union
- C - Unions
- C - Bit Fields
- C - Typedef
- File Handling in C
- C - Input & Output
- C - File I/O (File Handling)
- C Preprocessors
- C - Preprocessors
- C - Pragmas
- C - Preprocessor Operators
- C - Macros
- C - Header Files
- Memory Management in C
- C - Memory Management
- C - Memory Address
- C - Storage Classes
- Miscellaneous Topics
- C - Error Handling
- C - Variable Arguments
- C - Command Execution
- C - Math Functions
- C - Static Keyword
- C - Random Number Generation
- C - Command Line Arguments
- C Programming Resources
- C - Questions & Answers
- C - Quick Guide
- C - Cheat Sheet
- C - Useful Resources
- C - Discussion
C - Environment Setup
To start learning programming in C, the first step is to setup an environment that allows you to enter and edit the program in C, and a compiler that builds an executable that can run on your operating system. You need two software tools available on your computer, (a) The C Compiler and (b) Text Editor.
The C Compiler
The source code written in the source file is the human readable source for your program. It needs to be "compiled", into machine language so that your CPU can actually execute the program as per the instructions given.
There are many C compilers available. Following is a select list of C compilers that are widely used −
GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) − GCC is a popular open-source C compiler. It is available for a wide range of platforms including Windows, macOS, and Linux. GCC is known for its wide range of features and support for a variety of C standards.
Clang: Clang is an open-source C compiler that is part of the LLVM project. It is available for a variety of platforms including Windows, macOS, and Linux. Clang is known for its speed and optimization capabilities.
Microsoft Visual C++ − Microsoft Visual C++ is a proprietary C compiler that is developed by Microsoft. It is available for Windows only. Visual C++ is known for its integration with the Microsoft Visual Studio development environment.
Turbo C − Turbo C is a discontinued C compiler that was developed by Borland. It was popular in the early 1990s, but it is no longer widely used.
The examples in this tutorial are compiled on the GCC compiler. The most frequently used and free available compiler is the GNU C/C++ compiler. The following section explains how to install GNU C/C++ compiler on various operating systems. We keep mentioning C/C++ together because GNU gcc compiler works for both C and C++ programming languages.
Installation on UNIX/Linux
If you are using Linux or UNIX, then check whether GCC is installed on your system by entering the following command from the command line −
$ gcc -v
If you have GNU compiler installed on your Ubuntu Linux machine, then it should print a message as follows −
$ gcc -v Using built-in specs. COLLECT_GCC=gcc COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/lto-wrapper OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none:amdgcn-amdhsa OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1 Target: x86_64-linux-gnu Configured with: ../src/configure -v . . . Thread model: posix Supported LTO compression algorithms: zlib zstd gcc version 11.3.0 (Ubuntu 11.3.0-1ubuntu1~22.04)
If GCC is not installed, then you will have to install it yourself using the detailed instructions available at https://gcc.gnu.org/install/
Installation on Mac OS
If you use Mac OS X, the easiest way to obtain GCC is to download the Xcode development environment from Apple's web site and follow the simple installation instructions. Once you have Xcode setup, you will be able to use GNU compiler for C/C++.
Xcode is currently available at developer.apple.com/technologies/tools/
Installation on Windows
To install GCC on Windows, you need to install MinGW. To install MinGW, go to the MinGW downloads page, https://www.mingw-w64.org/downloads/, and follow the link to the MinGW download page. Download the latest version of the MinGW installation program, mingw-w64-install.exe from here.
While installing Min GW, at a minimum, you must install gcc-core, gcc-g++, binutils, and the MinGW runtime, but you may wish to install more.
Add the bin subdirectory of your MinGW installation to your PATH environment variable, so that you can specify these tools on the command line by their simple names.
After the installation is complete, you will be able to run gcc, g++, ar, ranlib, dlltool, and several other GNU tools from the Windows command line.
Text Editor
You will need a Text Editor to type your program. Examples include Windows Notepad, OS Edit command, Brief, Epsilon, EMACS, and vim or vi.
The name and version of the text editors can vary on different operating systems. For example, Notepad will be used on Windows, and vim or vi can be used on windows as well as on Linux or UNIX.
The files you create with your editor are called the source files and they contain the program source codes. The source files for C programs are typically named with the extension ".c".
Before starting your programming, make sure you have one text editor in place and you have enough experience to write a computer program, save it in a file, compile it and finally execute it.
Using an IDE
Using a general-purpose text editor such as Notepad or vi for program development can be very tedious. You need to enter and save the program with ".c" extension (say "hello.c"), and then compile it with the following command −
gcc -c hello.c -o hello.o gcc -o hello.exe hello.o
The executable file is then run from the command prompt to obtain the output. However, if the source code contains errors, the compilation will not be successful. Hence we need to repeatedly switch between the editor program and command terminal. To avoid this tedious process, we should an IDE (Integrated Development Environment).
There are many IDEs available for writing, editing, debugging and executing C programs. Examples are CodeBlocks, NetBeans, VSCode, etc.
CodeBlocks is a popular open-source IDE for C and C++. It is available for installation on various operating system platforms like Windows, Linux, MacOS.
For Windows, download codeblocks-20.03mingw-setup.exe from https://www.codeblocks.org/downloads/binaries/ URL. This will install CodeBlocks as well as MinGW compiler on your computer. During the installation process, choose MinGW as the compiler to use.
Example
After the installation is complete, launch it and enter the following code −
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
/* my first program in C */
printf("Hello, World! \n");
return 0;
}
Output
On executing this code, you will get the following output −Hello, World!
From the Build menu, build and run the program (use F9 shortcut). The Build Log window shows successful compilation messages. The output (Hello World) is displayed in a separate command prompt terminal.
